Study in the history of education is designed to prepare people for careers in teaching and administration at both the high school and postsecondary levels, in policy analysis, or in the management of nonprofit organizations, especially philanthropic foundations. Graduate students work closely with their advisers to plan a program that suits their interests and aspirations. They may focus their studies on the history of schools and colleges or other institutions and media of education, including the family, the press, and political or social movements. Often studies link the history of education and current issues of public policy. Course work usually includes studies in philosophy as well as in the history of education; much of it is done in the form of supervised independent study. Students are encouraged to enroll in courses throughout the University and to take advantage of New York City's abundant cultural resources. Many graduates go on to executive positions in foundations or become educational consultants. Most graduates from the highly selective Ph.D. program secure teaching positions in colleges and universities. The demand for professors of history of education has increased in recent years and is expected to continue to rise.