Requirements for the Ph.D. are a core of nine semester courses at the graduate level in physics and mathematics; some specialization, normally three semester courses, in advanced graduate study; a qualifying examination and a preliminary examination in general physics; a thesis describing the results of independent research; and an oral examination based on the thesis and research. Students normally complete their formal course work and begin research after two years. All graduate students are encouraged to remain on campus during the summer for study and research.